Module 2: Defect Chemistry and Defect Equilibria
  Kroger-Vink Notation in a Metal Oxide (MO)
 


2.2 Kroger–Vink notation in a metal oxide, (MO)

Kroger-vink notations are typically used to depict the atomic defects with charges. Following tables provide the most common notations.

Regular Sites

Mm: normal or regular occupied metal or cation site
Oo: normal or regular occupied oxygen or anion site

Point Defects (a • (dot) means a positive charge and a ' (prime) means a negative charge)

Oxygen (anion) vacancy VO
Metal (cation) vacancy VM
Oxygen (anion) interstitial Oi
Metal (cation) interstitial Mi
Vacant interstitial site Vi
Foreign cation   Mf
Foreign cation on regular metal site Mfm
Foreign cation on interstitial site Mfi

A normal cation or anion in an oxide with zero effective charge             

MMx or OOx
Charged oxygen vacancy: VO• or VO••
Charged metal vacancy VM' or VM''
Charged metal or oxygen interstitial Mi•• and Oi''
Neutral cation and anion vacancies VMx or VOx
electrons and holes e' or h•